数学物理学报, 2019, 39(6): 1334-1341 doi:

论文

一类混合型分数阶半线性积分-微分方程解的存在性

Existence of Mild Solutions for a Class of Fractional Semilinear Integro-Differential Equation of Mixed Type

Zhu Bo,1, Han Baoyan2, Liu Lishan3

通讯作者: 朱波, E-mail: zhubo207@163.com

收稿日期: 2018-08-29  

基金资助: 山东省高校科技计划项目.  J16LI14
国家自然科学基金.  11871302

Received: 2018-08-29  

Fund supported: the PSDPHESTP.  J16LI14
the NSFC.  11871302

摘要

该文利用非紧性测度、β-预解族、k-集压缩原理研究了一类混合型分数阶半线性积分-微分方程温和解的存在性.众所周知,利用k-集压缩原理证明解的存在性时需要单独给出附加条件来保证压缩系数小于1,而该文不需要单独附加保证压缩系数小于1的条件.在更一般的条件下证明了方程解的存在性.文章最后给出了一个例子说明该文主要结果的应用.

关键词: 混合型分数阶半线性积分-微分方程 ; k-集压缩 ; 非紧性测度 ; β-预解族

Abstract

In this paper, the authors studied the existence results of the mild solutions for a class of fractional semilinear integro-differential equation of mixed type by using the measure of noncompactness, k-set contraction and β-resolvent family. It is well known that the k-set contraction requires additional condition to ensure the contraction coefficient 0 < k < 1. We don't require additional condition to ensure the contraction coefficient 0 < k < 1. An example is introduced to illustrate the main results of this paper.

Keywords: Fractional semilinear integro-differential equation of mixed type ; k-Set contraction ; Measure of noncompactness ; β-Resolvent family

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本文引用格式

. 一类混合型分数阶半线性积分-微分方程解的存在性. 数学物理学报[J], 2019, 39(6): 1334-1341 doi:

Zhu Bo, Han Baoyan, Liu Lishan. Existence of Mild Solutions for a Class of Fractional Semilinear Integro-Differential Equation of Mixed Type. Acta Mathematica Scientia[J], 2019, 39(6): 1334-1341 doi:

1 引言

近几十年来,分数阶微分(发展)方程在工程、化学、物理和金融等领域得到成功应用.因而,大量科研人员正关注分数阶微分方程的研究并获得了丰硕成果,具体内容参见文献[1-9]及其参考文献.文献[10-11]中,作者研究了分数阶积分-微分系统的可控性.文献[12-13]中,作者研究了整数阶混合型常微分方程解的存在理论.而在文献[5, 7, 9, 14-17],作者研究了分数阶发展方程解的存在性.其中文献[7, 9, 15-17]研究的分数阶微分方程的阶数$\beta\in(0, 1]$,而文献[5, 14]研究的分数阶微分方程的阶数$\beta\in(1, 2]$.

然而,根据我们的了解,混合型分数阶积分-微分方程温和解的存在性还没有人研究.本文,我们研究如下的混合型分数阶积分-微分方程

$^{c}D_{t}^{\beta}u(t)=A(t)u(t)+f(t, u(t), {\cal G}u(t), {\cal S}u(t)), \ t\in J , $

$u(0)+g(u)=u_0, $

这里, ${}^{c}D_{t}^{\beta}$$\beta$阶Caputo分数阶导数($\beta\in(0, 1]$), $J=[0, T_0]\ (T_0>0)$, $A(t)$是定义在Banach空间$E$上的闭线性算子,并且$A(t)$依赖于$t$. $u_0\in E$,函数$f, g$在后面具体给出,算子${\cal G}$${\cal S}$定义如下

这里$k:D\times E\rightarrow E, h:D_0\times E\rightarrow E$是合适的函数. $D=\{(t, s)\in \mathbb{R} ^2:0\leq s\leq t\leq T_0\}, $$D_0=\{(t, s)\in \mathbb{R} ^2:0\leq t, s\leq T_0\}.$由于算子${\cal G}$是定义在区间[0, t]上的变上限积分,而算子${\cal S}$是定义在固定区间$[0, T_0]$上的积分,因此,我们称方程(1.1)是混合型分数阶积分-微分方程.

如果$\beta=1$并且算子$A(t)=0$,则方程(1.1)就变成文献[12-13]中作者研究的整数阶混合型常微分方程.也就是说,文献[12-13]中作者研究的方程是本文的特例.众所周知,利用$k$ -集压缩证明解的存在性时需要附加条件保证压缩系数$0 < k < 1$,文献[7, 16-17]就用了$k$ -集压缩原理证明了解的存在性.本文中,我们成功克服了这一限制条件,不需要附件条件来保证压缩系数$0 < k < 1$.另外,上述提到的文献中的线性算子$A$大部分是不依赖于$t$的,而本文中的线性算子$A(t)$依赖于$t$.因此,我们在更一般的条件下得到了问题(1.1)-(1.2)温和解的存在性.我们的结果推广和改进了前人的一些经典结论.

2 预备知识和引理

$\alpha$表示非紧性测度, $(E, \|\cdot\|)$是一个Banach空间. $C[J, E]=\{u:J\rightarrow E$连续$\}$是一个Banach空间,具有范数$\|u\|_C=\max \{\|u(t)\|:t\in J\}$.对任意的$B\subset C[J, E], t\in J, $$B(t)=\{u(t):u\in B\}.$对任意实数$R>0, $$B_R=\{u\in C[J, E]: \|u\|_C\leq R\}$, $T_R=\{x\in E:\|x\|\leq R\}$, $B(E)$表示Banach空间$E$上的有界线性算子的集合.

定义2.1[18-19]  设$A(t):D(A)\subset E$是一个闭线性算子, $\beta>0$, $\rho[A(t)]$$A(t)$的预解集,如果存在$\omega\geq 0$和一个强连续函数$U_\beta:\mathbb{R} _+^2\rightarrow B(E)$使得$\{\lambda^\beta:$ Re $\lambda >\omega\}\subset \rho (A)$

成立,我们称$A(t)$生成一个$\beta$ -预解族.这里, $U_\beta(t, s)$称为由$A(t)$生成的$\beta$ -预解族.

引理2.1[13]  $F$是Banach空间$E$的一个凸闭子集,算子${\cal A}:F\rightarrow F$连续且${\cal A}(F)$有界.对任意的有界子集$D\subset F$,记

$\widetilde{{\cal A}}^1(D)={\cal A}(D), \ \ \ \ \widetilde{{\cal A}}^n(D)={\cal A}(\overline{Co}(\widetilde{{\cal A}}^{n-1}(D))), \ \ \ n=2, 3, \cdot\cdot\cdot.$

若存在一个实数$0\leq k < 1$和一个正整数$n_0$,使对所有的有界子集$D\subset F$,都有

$\alpha(\widetilde{{\cal A}}^{n_0}(D))\leq k\alpha(D) $

成立,则${\cal A}$$F$中存在一个不动点.

引理2.2[13, 22]  $D\subset C[J, E]$有界且等度连续,则$\overline{Co}D \subset C[J, E]$有界且等度连续, $m(t)=\alpha(D(t))$$J$上也连续且有

$\alpha\left(\int_JD(s){\rm d}s\right)\leq \int_J\alpha(D(s)){\rm d}s.$

引理2.3[22]  如果函数$g : J\times T_R\times T_R\to E$有界且一致连续, $D \subset C[J, E]$有界且等度连续,那么$\{g(t, u(t), u(t)): u\in D\}$$C[J, E]$上有界且等度连续.

引理2.4[23]  设常数$0 < \varrho < 1, \gamma>0$.

则对固定的常数$0 < \xi < 1$和任意常数$s>1$,有

定义2.2  如果$u\in C[J, E]$满足下面的方程

$u(t)=U_\beta(t, 0)(u_0-g(u))+\int_0^tU_\beta(t, s)f(s, u(s), {\cal G}u(s), {\cal S}u(s)){\rm d}s, \ \ t\in J, $

$u(t)$是问题(1.1)-(1.2)的温和解.

3 主要结论

定义算子${\cal Q}:C[J, E]\rightarrow C[J, E]$如下

$\begin{equation}{\cal Q}u(t)=U_\beta(t, 0)(u_0-g(u))+\int_0^tU_\beta(t, s)f(s, u(s), {\cal G}u(s), {\cal S}u(s)){\rm d}s.\end{equation}$

定理3.1  假设下列条件成立.

(H$_1)$$f:J\times E\times E\times E\rightarrow E$,存在非负Lebesgue可积函数$L_i\in L(J, \mathbb{R} _+)(i=1, 2, 3)$,使对所有的$u, v \in E $$t\in J$,都有

(H$_2)$$k:J\times J\times E\rightarrow E$,存在非负Lebesgue可积函数$L_4\in L(J, \mathbb{R} _+)$,使对所有的$u, v \in E $$t\in J$,都有

(H$_3)$$h:J\times J\times E\rightarrow E$,存在非负Lebesgue可积函数$L_5\in L(J, \mathbb{R} _+)$,使对所有的$u, v \in E $$t\in J$,都有

(H$_4)$$g:C(J, E)\rightarrow E$,存在非负常数$N$,使对所有的$u, v \in C(J, E) $$t\in J$,都有

(H$_5)$$M^*\left(N+\int_{0}^{T_0} L_1(s){\rm d}s+\int_{0}^{T_0}\left(L_2(s)\int_{0}^{T_0}L_4(\tau){\rm d}\tau \right){\rm d}s+\int_{0}^{T_0}L_3(s)\int_{0}^{T_0}L_5(\tau){\rm d}\tau {\rm d}s\right) < 1, $这里$M^*=\max\limits_{0\leq s < t\leq {T_0}}\|U_\beta(t, s)\| < +\infty$.

那么问题(1.1)-(1.2)在$C[J, E]$上存在唯一温和解.

  由(3.1)式,对所有的$t\in J, u, v \in C[J, E]$,我们有

根据(H$_5)$,算子${\cal Q}$是压缩映像.因此,算子${\cal Q}$存在唯一不动点$u^*\in C[J, E]$,从而问题(1.1)-(1.2)存在唯一温和解.

定理3.2  假设下列条件成立.

(H$_6)$$f:J\times T_R\times T_R\times T_R\rightarrow E$有界且一致连续,

$\begin{equation}\limsup\limits_{R\rightarrow\infty}\frac{M(R)}{R}<\frac{1}{a_0T_0M^*} , \end{equation}$

这里$M(R)=\sup\{\|f(t, u_1, u_2, , u_3)\|:(t, u_1, u_2, , u_3)\in J\times T_R^3\}$, $ k_0=\max\{|k(t, s)|:(t, s)\in D\}, $$ h_0=\max \{|h(t, s)|:(t, s)\in D_0\}, a_0=\max \{1, T_0h_0, T_0k_0\}$.

(H$_7)$存在非负Lebesgue可积函数$L_i\in L(J, \mathbb{R} _+)(i=1, 2)$,对任意有界集$B\subset E $$t\in J$,都有

(H$_8)$$g:C[J, E]\rightarrow E$是连续的紧函数, $\|g(u)\|\leq d\|u\|+e$,这里常数$d>0$, $e>0$.

那么问题(1.1)-(1.2)在$C[J, E]$存在一个温和解.

  根据(H$_6)$知由(3.1)式定义的算子${\cal Q}:C[J, E]\rightarrow C[J, E]$有界且连续.由(3.2)式,取$\limsup\limits_{R\rightarrow\infty}\frac{M(R)}{R} < r < \frac{1}{a_0T_0M^*}$$R_0>0$,对任意$R\geq a_0R_0$,都有

$\begin{equation}M(R)<rR.\end{equation}$

记集合$R^*=\max\{R_0, M^*(\|u_0\|+d\|u\|+e)(1-a_0T_0rM^*)^{-1}\}$.对所有$u\in B_{R^*}=\{u\in C[J, E] :$$ \|u\|_C\leq R^*\}$,我们可得

根据(3.3)式,我们有

因此, ${\cal Q}:B_{R^*}\rightarrow B_{R^*}$是连续有界算子.

下面证明${\cal Q}(B_{R^*})$是等度连续的.对所有的$u\in B_{R^*}, t_1, t_2 \in J \ (t_1 < t_2)$,根据算子${\cal Q}$的定义和(3.3)式,可得

$ \begin{eqnarray} \|({\cal Q}u)(t_2)-({\cal Q}u)(t_1)\|&\leq&\|(U_\beta(t_2, 0)-U_\beta(t_1, 0))(u_0-g(u))\|\\ &&+\int_{0}^{t_1}\|(U_\beta(t_2, s)-U_\beta(t_1, s))f(s, u(s), {\cal G}u(s), {\cal S}u(s))\|{\rm d}s\\ &&+\int_{t_1}^{t_2}\|U_\beta(t_2, s)f(s, u(s), {\cal G}u(s), {\cal S}u(s))\|{\rm d}s\\ &\leq& \|(U_\beta(t_2, 0)-U_\beta(t_1, 0))(u_0-g(u))\|\\& &+ M(a_0R^*)t_1\sup\limits_{s\in J}\|U_\beta(t_2, s)-U_\beta(t_1, s)\|+ M^*M(a_0R^*)(t_2-t_1).\\ \end{eqnarray}$

由于算子$U_\beta(t, s)$是强连续的,因而对任意实数$\varepsilon>0$,存在实数$\delta>0$,对所有$u\in B_{R^*}$, $t_1, t_2\in J, t_2-t_1 < \delta$,都有$\|({\cal Q}u)(t_2)-({\cal Q}u)(t_1)\| < \varepsilon$成立.因此, ${\cal Q}(B_{R^*})$等度连续.

由引理2.2可知, $\overline{Co}{\cal Q}(B_{R^*})\subset B_{R^*}$有界且等度连续,算子${\cal Q}:\overline{Co}{\cal Q}(B_{R^*})\rightarrow \overline{Co}{\cal Q}(B_{R^*})$有界且连续.对任意的$B\subset \overline{Co}{\cal Q}(B_{R^*})$,根据(2.2)式、(3.1)式、引理2.2和2.3知$\widetilde{{\cal Q}}^n(B)$$(n=1, 2, \cdot\cdot\cdot)$有界且等度连续,这里

$\begin{equation}\alpha(\widetilde{{\cal Q}}^n(B))=\max\limits_{t\in J}\alpha((\widetilde{{\cal Q}}^n(B))(t)), \ \ \ n=1, 2, \cdot\cdot\cdot.\end{equation}$

下面,我们证明对任意的$B\subset \overline{Co}{\cal Q}(B_{R^*})$,存在实数$0\leq k < 1$和一个自然数$n_0$,使得

$\begin{equation}\alpha(\widetilde{{\cal Q}}^{n_0}(B))\leq k\alpha(B).\end{equation}$

由条件(H$_7)$和(H$_8)$,我们得到

$ \begin{eqnarray} \alpha((\widetilde{{\cal Q}}^1(B))(t))&= &\alpha(({\cal Q}(B)(t))\\ &\leq &M^*\int_{0}^{t}[L_1(s)\alpha(B(s))+L_2(s)\alpha(({\cal G}B)(s))]{\rm d}s\\ &\leq& M^*\int_{0}^{t}[L_1(s)+T_0k_0L_2(s)]\alpha(B(s)){\rm d}s\\ &= &\int_{0}^{t}L(s)\alpha(B(s)){\rm d}s\\ &\leq& \int_{0}^{t}L(s){\rm d}s\alpha(B), \ \ t\in J, \end{eqnarray}$

这里, $L(t)=M^*[L_1(t)+T_0k_0L_2(t)]$$J$上是Lebesgue可积的.对任意常数$0 < \varepsilon < 1$,存在一个连续函数$\varphi:J\rightarrow \mathbb{R} ^1$使得

$\begin{equation}\int_{0}^{T_0}|L(s)-\varphi(s)|{\rm d}s<\varepsilon.\end{equation}$

由(3.7)式和(3.8)式得

这里$H=\max\{|\varphi(t)|:t\in J\}$.对每一个$t\in J, $我们假设下面的方程成立

则对所有的$t\in J$,我们有

因而,对任意正整数$n$$t\in J$,可得

根据(3.5)式,对任意正整数$n$,我们有

$\alpha(\widetilde{{\cal Q}}^n(B))\leq \left[\varepsilon^n+C_n^1\varepsilon^{n-1}(HT_0)+\frac{C_n^2\varepsilon^{n-2}(HT_0)^2}{2!} +\cdot\cdot\cdot+\frac{(HT_0)^n}{n!}\right]\alpha(B). $

由引理2.4可得

这里$0 < \lambda < 1, s>1.$因此,存在常数$0\leq k < 1$和自然数$n_0$使得(3.6)式成立.由引理2.1可知算子${\cal Q}$$ \overline{Co}{\cal Q}(B_{R^*})$里至少存在一个不动点,从而问题(1.1)-(1.2)在$ \overline{Co}{\cal Q}(B_{R^*})\subset C[J, E]$里至少存在一个温和解$u^*(t)$.

4 应用

考虑如下的混合型分数阶偏微分方程

$ \left\{\begin{array}{ll} {}^cD_t^\beta z(x, t)=t^2\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}z(x, t) +\frac{t}{1+t^2}z(x, t)+\frac{1}{1+t^2}\int_0^ta(s)z(x, s){\rm d}s\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ +\frac{1}{1+t^2}\left(\int_0^{T_0}b(s)z(x, s){\rm d}s\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}, 0<t\leq T_0, 0< x<\pi, \\ z(0, t)=z(\pi, t)=0, \\ z(x, 0)+\frac{1}{2}z=z_0(x), \ \ 0< x<\pi, \end{array} \right. $

这里$0 < \beta\leq 1$, $z_0(x)\in E=L^2[0, \pi]$,定义算子$A(t)(z)=t^2\frac{\partial^2z}{\partial x^2}$, $A:D(A)\subset E\rightarrow E$,其中

显然算子$A(t)$$E$上生成一个$\beta$ -预解族.

则方程(4.1)变为(1.1)-(1.2)的形式.如果满足定理3.1和3.2的假设条件,则问题(4.1)存在一个温和解.

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