Progress of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Study of the Effects of Smoking on the Brain

doi:10.11938/cjmr20233052

Abstract

Abstract:

Smoking is one of the main risk factors for premature onset of illness and death. With the continuous advancement of magnetic resonance technology, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has become a valuable diagnostic tool in clinical practice. Like other modalities of magnetic resonance imaging, MRS is non-invasive and can reflect changes in the concentration of neurotransmitters and metabolites in the brain. Smoking is a global health problem, and in recent years, some studies have applied MRS to observe the effects of smoking on the brain. This article reviews the progress in the use of MRS for studying the smoking population, summarizing the effects of tobacco on brain metabolism. This review provides a new perspective for in-depth research on the neurobiological mechanisms of tobacco dependence and technical support for the early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the negative effects of smoking on the brain.

Key words: magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), metabolite, smoking, brain

CLC Number:

O482.53

LI Ren, CHANG Xiao, ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Xiaoyong. Progress of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Study of the Effects of Smoking on the Brain[J]. Chinese Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 2023, 40(4): 471-480.

Figures/Tables 3

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

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代谢物名称	简写	δ_H	功能
氮-乙酰天门冬氨酸	NAA	2.02	一种存在于神经元内的氨基酸，在抑制水MRS中最为突出，反映脑组织中神经元的数量和活化程度，NAA减少意味着神经元数量减少，说明神经元有可能坏死或被肿瘤组织替代^[8]．
胆碱	Cho	3.20	主要源自细胞膜裂解产物磷酸胆碱和磷酸甘油胆碱，与细胞膜代谢、细胞增殖或膜周转率相关
肌酸	Cr	3.03	肌酸存在于灰白质和各种神经细胞中，浓度的改变被认为反映线粒体功能障碍，以及脑能量代谢的变化^[9]．磷酸肌酸能提供细胞能量状态、细胞内pH以及磷脂代谢的信息．二者在正常大脑中的浓度含量较为稳定，常被看作内部参考值
磷酸肌酸	PCr	3.94
谷氨酸谷氨酰胺复合物	Glx	2.40	由谷氨酸（Glutamate，Glu）和谷氨酰胺（Glutamine，Gln）组成，兴奋性神经递质，参与代谢产物和神经递质的合成，可反映谷氨酸能神经元的功能异常．Gln可水解生成Glu，二者在脑内突触连接正常发育和记忆中发挥着重要作用^[10]
γ-氨基丁酸	GABA	3.03	中枢神经系统中重要的抑制性神经递质，可抑制谷氨酸能神经元释放Glu，影响突触的形成及重塑
肌醇	mI	3.56	能够调节神经元渗透压，被认为是神经胶质细胞增殖的标志物．
牛磺酸	Tau	3.47	一种含硫的非蛋白氨基酸，同时也是人体必需的营养素和条件性必需氨基酸之一^[11]
甘氨酸	Gly	3.56	内源性抗氧化剂还原型谷胱甘肽的组成氨基酸^[12]
谷胱甘肽	GSH	2.9/3.8	一种重要的抗氧化剂，能够清除掉人体内的自由基，清洁和净化人体内环境污染^[13]

文献序号	技术	磁场强度	序列	处理软件	脑区	代谢物变化
[20]	¹H-MRS	3.0 T	PRESS	Program package^*	HC\ACC	吸烟者NAA降低
[21]	¹H-MRS	3.0 T	PRESS	LCModel	ACC	吸烟者Glu、NAA、Cr、mI降低
[22]	¹H-MRS	4.0 T\1.5 T	STEAM	Program package^*	DLPFC\ACC	吸烟者Glu、NAA、Cr、mI降低
[23]	¹H-MRS	3.0 T	MEGA-PRESS	LCModel	dACC	吸烟者Glu、Gln增加
[24]	¹H-MRS	2.1 T	J-editing sequence	Program package^*	Occipital cortex	雌性GABA/Cr降低
[25]	¹H-MRS	7.0 T	PRESS	LCModel	HC	雄性NAA、mI降低
[26]	¹H-MRS	7.0 T	PRESS	LCModel	HC\ACC\NAC	雄性GABA、Tau、NAA、Cr增加
[27]	³¹P-MRS	3.0 T	Chemical shift imaging free induction decay pulse sequence	jMRUI	ACC	雌性PCr增加
[28]	¹H-MRS	3.0 T	PRESS	LCModel	dACC	戒断期间Glu/Cr降低
[29]	¹H-MRS	4.0 T	2D-JPRESS	LCModel	dACC	易复发组Glu/Cr降低
[30]	¹H-MRS	3.0 T	J-editing sequence	LCModel	NAC	戒断期间mI+Gly增加
[31]	¹H-MRS	3.0 T	PRESS	LCModel	HC\dACC	吸烟者Cho/Cr降低
[33]	¹H-MRS	3.0 T	PRESS	LCModel	Insular cortex	吸烟者Glu、Gln增加
[36]	¹H-MRS	2.1 T	J-editing sequence	LCModel	Occipital cortex	吸烟者Glu、Gln增加
[37]	¹H-MRS	3.0 T	PRESS	LCModel	HC\ACC	BD吸烟者GSH降低
[38]	¹H-MRS	3.0 T	PRESS	LCModel	ACC	吸烟频率减少GSH增加