氦气渗透导致铷原子钟频率漂移的计算与分析

doi:10.11938/cjmr20243089

波谱学杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (3): 331-340.doi: 10.11938/cjmr20243089

氦气渗透导致铷原子钟频率漂移的计算与分析

李豆¹^,², 王鹏飞¹, 钟达¹, 梅刚华¹, 康松柏¹^,^*()

1.中国科学院原子频标重点实验室（中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院），湖北武汉 430071
2.中国科学院大学，北京 100049

收稿日期:2023-11-01 出版日期:2024-09-05 在线发表日期:2024-08-23
通讯作者: *Tel: 15871777484, E-mail: kangsongbai@apm.ac.cn.
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12173064)

Calculation and Analysis of Helium-permeation-induced Frequency Drift of the Rubidium Atomic Clock

LI Dou¹^,², WANG Pengfei¹, ZHONG Da¹, MEI Ganghua¹, Kang Songbai¹^,^*()

1. CAS Key Laboratory of Atomic Frequency Standards (Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2023-11-01 Published:2024-09-05 Online:2024-08-23
Contact: *Tel: 15871777484, E-mail: kangsongbai@apm.ac.cn.

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氦气渗透导致的铷原子钟吸收泡内铷原子与氦气碰撞频移发生变化,从而影响铷原子钟频率漂移率．为了量化分析这一影响，选取厚度为1 mm，直径为1.8 cm，长为1.6 cm，工作温度为65 ℃的圆柱型玻璃气泡为例，通过数值方法模拟了派热克斯玻璃（Pyrex，康宁7740）与低氦渗透的铝硅酸盐玻璃（ASG，康宁1720）原子气泡内氦气压随时间的变化规律．计算结果显示，对于Pyrex气泡，铷原子钟工作约12年后，氦渗透致频率漂移率降低至<1.0×10^-14/天；而ASG气泡铷原子钟在其寿命期间内的氦渗透致频率漂移率始终<3.0×10^-17/天，其对铷原子钟漂移率的贡献可忽略不计．该计算方法同样适用于其它种类气体在不同玻璃材料的渗透过程研究．

关键词: 氦气渗透, 铷原子钟, 频率漂移, 原子气泡, 派热克斯玻璃, 铝硅酸盐玻璃

Abstract:

Due to the collision-shift effect, helium permeation into the vapor cell causes a time-dependent frequency drift in rubidium atomic clock. To quantify this shift, a cylindrical vapor cell with dimensions of 1.8 cm in diameter, 1.6 cm in height, and 1 mm in thickness, operating at a temperature of 65 ℃, is selected for analysis. Numerical methods are employed to simulate the temporal variation of helium gas pressure within atomic vapor cells composed of Pyrex (Corning 7740) and low helium-permeable aluminosilicate (Corning 1720). The results of the calculations indicate that for Pyrex vapor cells, after 12 years of operation, the drift rate attributable to helium permeation decreases to less than 1.0×10^-14/day. In contrast, the frequency drift rate due to helium permeation in aluminosilicate vapor cell rubidium atomical clocks remains below 3.0×10^-17/day throughout their operational lifetime, rendering its contribution to the drift rate negligible. This computational approach is also applicable to the investigation of the permeation processes of other gaseous species in various glass materials.

Key words: helium permeation, rubidium atomic clock, frequency drift, vapor cell, Pyrex, aluminosilicate

中图分类号:

O455+.1

李豆, 王鹏飞, 钟达, 梅刚华, 康松柏. 氦气渗透导致铷原子钟频率漂移的计算与分析[J]. 波谱学杂志, 2024, 41(3): 331-340.

LI Dou, WANG Pengfei, ZHONG Da, MEI Ganghua, Kang Songbai. Calculation and Analysis of Helium-permeation-induced Frequency Drift of the Rubidium Atomic Clock[J]. Chinese Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 2024, 41(3): 331-340.

图/表 7

图1

表1

图2

表2

表3

图3

图4

参考文献 25

[1]	BUSCA G, FRELECHOZ C, WANG Q, et al. Space clocks for navigation satellites[C]// IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition Jointly with 17th European Frequency and Time Forum, Tampa, FL, USA: IEEE, 2003: 172-178.
[2]	VANNICOLA F, BEARD R, WHITE J, et al. GPS block IIF atomic frequency standard analysis[C]// Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Precise Time and Time Interval System and Applications Meeting, Reston, USA, 2010: 181-196.
[3]	CUI J Q, MING G, WANG F, et al. Design and studies of ultra high-performance physics package for vapor-cell rubidium atomic clock[C]// China Satellite Navigation Conference Proceedings, Beijing, China, 2022: 403-414.
[4]	LIU C, XU F, QU Y, et al. Analysis on factors influencing frequency drift of rubidium clocks for satellite navigation[C]// China Satellite Navigation Conference Proceedings, Changsha, China, 2016: 645-652.
[5]	NORTON F J. Helium diffusion through glass[J]. J Am Ceram Soc, 1953, 36(3): 90-96.
[6]	WILLIAMS G A, FERGUSON J B. The diffusion of hydrogen and helium through silica glass and other glasses[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 1922, 44(10): 2160-2167.
[7]	VANIER J, AUDOIN C. The quantum physics of atomic frequency standards[M]. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1989: 354-355.
[8]	BLOCH M, MANCINI O, MCCLELLAND T. Performance of rubidium and quartz clocks in space[C]// Proceedings of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition, New Orleans, USA: IEEE, 2002: 505-509.
[9]	ROGERS W A, BURITZ R S, ALPERT D. Diffusion coefficient, solubility, and permeability for helium in glass[J]. J Appl Phys, 1954, 25(7): 868-875.
[10]	ABDULLAH S, AFFOLDERBACH C, GRUET F, et al. Aging studies on micro-fabricated alkali buffer-gas cells for miniature atomic clocks[J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2015, 106(16): 163505.
[11]	DELLIS A T, SHAH V, DONLEY E A, et al. Low helium permeation cells for atomic microsystems technology[J]. Opt Lett, 2016, 41(12): 2775-2778. doi: 10.1364/OL.41.002775 pmid: 27304286
[12]	RUSHTON J A, ALDOUS M, HIMSWORTH M D. Contributed review: The feasibility of a fully miniaturized magneto-optical trap for portable ultracold quantum technology[J]. Rev Sci Instrum, 2014, 85(12): 121501.
[13]	ALTEMOSE V O. Helium diffusion through glass[J]. J Appl Phys, 1961, 32(7): 1309-1316.
[14]	CHEN K H, WU C M, WU S R, et al. Influence of atmospheric helium on secondary clocks[J]. Opt Lett, 2020, 45(14): 4088-4091.
[15]	VON WROBLEWSKI S. Ueber die natur der absorption der gase durch flussigkeiten unter hohen drucken[J]. Ann Phys, 1879, 8: 29-52.
[16]	STRAESSLE R, PELLATON M, AFFOLDERBACH C, et al. Low-temperature indium-bonded alkali vapor cell for chip-scale atomic clocks[J]. J Appl Phys, 2013, 113(6): 064501.
[17]	PETERS W N, STEIN E K. Helium permeation compensation techniques for long life gas lasers[J]. J Phys E: Sci Instrum, 1970, 3(9): 719.
[18]	NORTON F J. Permeation of gases through solids[J]. J Appl Phys, 1957, 28(1): 34-39.
[19]	CAMPARO J C, KLIMCAK C M, HERBULOCK S J. Frequency equilibration in the vapor-cell atomic clock[J]. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas, 2005, 54(5): 1873-1880.
[20]	HARDING G L. Helium permeation in all-glass tubular evacuated solar energy collectors[J]. Sol Energ Mat Sol C, 1981, 5(2): 141-147.
[21]	VAN AMERONGEN G J. The permeability of different rubbers to gases and its relation to diffusivity and solubility[J]. J Appl Phys, 1946, 17(11): 972-985.
[22]	CARLÉ C, KESHAVARZI S, MURSA A, et al. Reduction of helium permeation in microfabricated cells using aluminosilicate glass substrates and Al₂O₃ coatings[J]. J Appl Phys, 2023, 133: 214501.
[23]	STANNETT V T, KOROS W J, PAUL D R, et al. Recent advances in membrane science and technology[M]// Chemistry. Advances in Polymer Science, 1979, 32: 69-121.
[24]	CAMPARO J C. Frequency equilibration and the light-shift effect for block IIR GPS rubidium clocks[C]// Proceedings of the 36th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting, Washington, DC, USA, 2004: 393-410.
[25]	HAPPER W. Optical pumping[J]. Rev Mod Phys, 1972, 44(2): 149-249.

参数	含义	数值	单位
A	外表面积	14.13	cm²
a	玻璃厚度	0.1	cm
V	内体积	2.8	cm³
T	工作温度	338.15	K
T₀	标准温度	273.15	K
K_B	玻尔兹曼常数	1.38×10^-23	J•K^-1
P₁	外界氦气压	3.98	mTorr

参数	含义	数值	单位
S@65℃	溶解度	4.9×10^-3	cm³(STP)cm³
D@65℃	扩散系数	3.11×10^-8	cm²•s^-1
D₀^[12]	扩散常数	4.6×10^-4	cm²•s^-1
E_D^[12]	扩散能	-0.28	eV
K@20 ℃^[12]	渗透率	3.5×10^-11	cm²•s^-1
K@500 ℃^[12]	渗透率	3.4×10^-8	cm²•s^-1

参数	含义	数值	单位
S@65℃	溶解度	1.6×10³	cm³(STP)cm³
D@65℃	扩散系数	6.7×10^-12	cm²•s^-1
D₀^[12]	扩散常数	3.7×10^-4	cm²•s^-1
E_D^[12]	扩散能	-0.52	eV
K@20 ℃^[12]	渗透率	6.8×10^-16	cm²•s^-1
K@500 ℃^[12]	渗透率	2.4×10^-10	cm²•s^-1

氦气渗透导致铷原子钟频率漂移的计算与分析

Calculation and Analysis of Helium-permeation-induced Frequency Drift of the Rubidium Atomic Clock

RichHTML

PDF

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 7

参考文献 25

相关文章 5

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	徐俊秋, 李俊瑶, 赵峰, 康松柏, 王鹏飞, 明刚. 高性能铷原子钟的高精度频率漂移补偿研究[J]. 波谱学杂志, 2024, 41(2): 184-190.
[2]	崔家齐, 刘康琦, 李俊瑶, 王芳, 明刚, 赵峰, 梅刚华, 钟达. 一种铷原子钟超高信噪比物理系统的研究[J]. 波谱学杂志, 2023, 40(4): 462-470.
[3]	余志辉, 阎世栋, 明刚, 梅刚华, 钟达. 小型化铷原子钟高精度频率调节电路设计[J]. 波谱学杂志, 2019, 36(1): 103-112.
[4]	陈涛1–3，孙兵锋1,2，阎世栋1，梅刚华1，钟达1*. 一种小型化铷原子钟锁相倍频窄带VCO 设计[J]. 波谱学杂志, 2014, 31(4): 587-595.
[5]	刘静1,2，孙兵峰1,2，阎世栋1，梅刚华1，钟达1*. 一种微波倍频方案在小型化铷钟的应用[J]. 波谱学杂志, 2013, 30(4): 559-566.