Fig. 1

Pulse sequence diagram for selective signal detection of in vivo glutathione molecules using nuclear spin singlet, in which OC1 and OC2 represent the optimized pulse modules for singlet preparation and transferring, respectively. The two waveforms below illustrate the variation of amplitude and phase of the OC1 pulse

Fig. 2

1H NMR spectrum and filtered spectrum of GSH molecular phantom acquired on the Bruker AVANCE 11.7 T NMR spectrometer. (a) GSH 1H NMR spectrum collected by using a 90˚single pulse; (b) GSH 1H NMR spectrum after filtering using the GSH-SFOC method

Fig. 3

1H NMR spectrum and filtered spectrum of Cr-GABA-GSH mixture phantom acquired on the Bruker AVANCE 11.7 T NMR spectrometer. (a) 1H NMR spectrum of the Cr-GABA-GSH mixture phantom using a 90˚ single pulse; (b) 1H NMR spectrum collected after applying GSH-SFOC filtering pulses to the mixture; (c) Enlarged view of the 2.9 ppm~3.2 ppm range of (a) and (b)

Fig. 4

1H NMR spectra for GSH, Cr, and GABA phantoms acquired on the Bruker AVANCE 11.7 T NMR spectrometer platform. (a) The 90˚ single-pulse 1H NMR spectra corresponding to the GSH, Cr and GABA phantoms (from top to bottom); (b) The 1H NMR spectra acquired after applying the GSH-SFOC pulse

Fig. 5

Results of in vivo GSH molecular targeted 1H-MRS in human brain collected on the Siemens 3T-Prisma imaging system. (a) The schematic diagram of the selected voxel position with the white box indicating the selected voxel range. (b) The 1H-MRS spectrum acquired using the PRESS sequence, with a schematic representation of the 2.5~3.5 ppm range. (c) The 1H-MRS spectra collected using the SFOC method, with the spectra magnified by 5 times and the 2.5~3.5 ppm range highlighted in the box indicating the GSH Cys-CH2 signal. All 1H-MRS spectra were zero-filled to 32 k data points and processed using a Gaussian window function with a size of 3.8

Table 1

Quantitative analysis of in vivo GSH concentration