Fig.1

Schematic diagram for monitoring the reaction of benzene hydrogenation by operando NMR

Fig.2

XRD patterns of Pd NPs, BCN and Pd/BCN composites

Fig.3

SEM images of (a) BCN and (b) Pd cube

Fig.4

TEM and HRTEM images of Pd cube and Pd octa. (a) TEM image of Pd cube; (b) HRTEM image of Pd cube; (c) Statistical graph of particle size distribution of Pd cube; (d) TEM image of Pd octa; (e) HRTEM image of Pd octa; (f) Statistical graph of particle size distribution of Pd octa

Fig.5

(a) Hydrogenation of 1, 3-cyclohexadiene; (b)1H NMR spectra of 1, 3-cyclohexadiene hydrogenation reaction, acquired at different reaction time. The experimental temperature is 298 K and the pressure is 2.5 bar

Fig.6

(a) The schematic diagram of deuterated benzene hydrogenation reaction; (b)1H NMR spectrum of cyclohexane standard; (c) Influence of pressure on heterogeneous benzene hydrogenation reaction; (d) The trends of C6H6D6 of benzene hydrogenation products at different pressures. The experimental temperature is 298 K

Fig.7

(a) 1H NMR spectra of heterogeneous benzene hydrogenation reaction, acquired at different reaction time; (b) Influence of reaction time on the trends of C6H6D6 of benzene hydrogenation reaction. The experimental temperature is 298 K and the pressure is 2.5 bar

Fig.8

1H NMR spectra of catalytic hydrogenation of benzene, catalyzed by BCN, Pd cube/BCN and Pd octa/BCN. The experimental temperature is 298 K and the reaction pressure is 2.5 bar; (b) 1H NMR spectrum of cyclohexene standard material away from carbon-carbon double-bond; (c) Schematic diagram of selective hydrogenation of benzene catalyst by nanoparticles with different exposed surfaces